تبیین مکانیسم‌های تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر توسعه سیاسی: تحلیلی بر اساس مدل چهارمحوری رابرت پاتنام

Objective: The primary goal of this research is to answer the question: By what mechanism does social capital influence the process of political development? To address this question, we utilized the theoretical framework of Robert Putnam, who structured his discussions on social capital around four key pillars: civil participation (civic engagement), social trust, collective action, and mass media. Putnam answers this question by emphasizing the role of horizontal networks of civil participation (associations, clubs) and generalized trust as the core of social capital—an essential elaboration often overlooked by studies that merely confirm a correlational relationship between social capital and political development. This study moves beyond the "if" to the "how" by distinctly identifying and explaining four interwoven mechanisms: 1. Reinforcing a culture of cooperation and reducing transaction costs, 2. Generating trust capital for collective action, 3. Establishing a dynamic public sphere, and 4. The moderating role of the media. By doing so, the research aims to fill this theoretical gap and offer a systematic analysis of the influence process.
Methodology: To analyze the mechanism of social capital's influence on political development, this research categorizes and scrutinizes Putnam's key concepts within a four-pillar analytical framework: Expansion of Civil Participation (formation of civil associations and communities), Partisanship (political organization and the role of networks), Social Cohesion (strengthening collective identity and will), and Government-Citizen Trust and Collective Responsibility (enhancing institutional accountability). Furthermore, the study elucidates the influential mechanisms of social capital on political development by employing Putnam’s analytical method from his empirical research, especially his comparative studies in Northern and Southern Italy (as presented in Making Democracy Work and Bowling Alone).
Findings: The findings indicate that civil participation, as Putnam's first central concept in the study of social capital, is realized through civil associations and requires the strengthening of civil society. This, in turn, necessitates three conditions: a legal framework, the institutionalization of a culture of tolerance and democratic values, and active citizen participation. Failure to meet these conditions, despite the existence of laws, leads to government intervention, increased costs of civil activity, and ultimately weakens the incentive for association formation. According to Putnam, active civil institutions play a pivotal role in civil participation's impact on political development. These independent (though not necessarily anti-government) popular organizations can even support the government in democratic systems. Nevertheless, advancing political development hinges on the functional separation of the public and state spheres and the capacity building of civil institutions. Emphasizing this distinction, Putnam posits that the public sphere is only effective when it acts as an empowering force against the state's drive for power. Accordingly, the vitality of civil institutions—a critical component in the effect of civil participation on political development—requires utilizing social capacities, multi-dimensional influence in political-economic arenas, and strengthening social trust (provided their activities are lawful and independent). This is achieved by attracting scattered forces and reaching a shared understanding and consensus on critical issues, thereby assisting the political system in micro and macro policy-making and enhancing political stability. In this regard, Putnam considers the role of political parties and partisan activities to be important and effective for achieving political development, but he regards participation in civil areas as more crucial, believing that the intent behind individual participation transcends merely fulfilling a personal need. The third influential component, according to Putnam, is the level of social cohesion (social integration) and trust between the government and the people. Social cohesion and solidarity, by fostering intimacy and harmony among social forces and promoting their increasing convergence and participation in practical arenas, directly impact political development while simultaneously limiting state power. Conversely, the absence of social cohesion and group communication weakens civil institutions and impedes political growth and development. Trust, born from the twin sources of civil participation networks and norms of reciprocity, is considered a major and key prerequisite for the existence of any society, facilitating transactions within the social space. Collective action or collective responsibility are other important influential components in the transition to political development, signifying the realization of social integration and solidarity among citizens. Under these conditions, civil associations and institutions are strengthened, and social trust proportionately grows. Social responsibility, channeled through institutions such as the family, education, religion, mass media, and the political institution, reinforces political development in society. Ultimately, social capital, as a byproduct of social interactions in civic matters, increases political awareness and strengthens political participation. The generation of this capital in the political sphere is dependent on an individual’s political expertise within their social networks, the frequency of political interactions, and the size of those social networks.
Conclusion: The results demonstrate that social capital influences the process of political development through four interwoven mechanisms: reinforcing a culture of cooperation and reducing transaction costs, generating trust capital for collective action, establishing an independent public sphere to demand accountability, and the moderating role of the media. This influence primarily occurs by strengthening the objective indicators of political development, namely participation, competition, accountability, and civil liberties. The impact of these mechanisms ultimately leads to the strengthening of the spirit and capacity for "collective action." A society that enjoys civil participation, quality political parties, and generalized trust is better equipped to overcome the collective action problem and cultivate more responsible citizens. According to Putnam, these processes collectively enable the transition to sustainable democracy by converting "collective action" into "institutional capital."